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¼ Giulio - Francesco d'Este
| Issuer | Marquisate of Massa Lombarda (Italian States) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1550-1578 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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|---|---|
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| Reverse script | Latin |
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| Edge | Plain |
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| Additional information |
Francesco d'Este was a minor lord operating in the shadow of the far more powerful Este branch at Ferrara, and his coinage reflects that awkward political position — small issues, limited circulation, and a mint output that modern scholarship has never fully reconstructed. The Marquisate of Massa Lombarda was a marginal fief, and Francesco's right to strike coin was itself a privilege that could be revoked at imperial discretion.
Surviving examples are genuinely scarce. CNI X documents very few die pairs for this type, and the MIR EM attribution required collating specimens across multiple Italian collections.