1 Quinarius - Imitating Elagabalus, 218-222

Germanic imitations of Roman gold coinage began appearing in substantial numbers during the third century, as tribal elites accumulated Roman solidi and quinarii through mercenary service, trade, and subsidy payments — then reproduced them locally, often with degraded legends and blundered iconography. That this piece imitates Elagabalus specifically is worth noting: his reign lasted only four years before his murder in 222, making his issues a relatively narrow template for copyists working a generation or more after the originals circulated.

The Boutin reference gap signals how poorly documented this particular imitative series remains. Attribution to Germanic tribes is conventional rather than precise — provenance and die study remain the only reliable path toward narrowing the issuing group.