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1000 Gulden Baruch d'Espinoza
| Issuer | De Nederlandsche Bank |
|---|---|
| Year | 1972 |
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| Printer | Joh. Enschedé en Zonen, Haarlem, Netherlands |
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| Obverse description | Black and dark green intaglio printing on multicolor underprint. At centre, denomination, text, and signatures; at right, a portrait vignette of philosopher Baruch d'Espinoza. Watermark area reserved at left. |
|---|---|
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| Protection type | Watermark |
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| Comments |
Ootje Oxenaar's commission for this note marked a deliberate break from the conservative engraved portraiture that had defined Dutch banknote design for generations. His approach was graphic and modernist — and the choice of Baruch de Spinoza as the face of the highest-denomination note was itself a pointed act of cultural rehabilitation. Spinoza had been excommunicated from Amsterdam's Jewish community in 1656 under a herem of unusual severity, and for centuries remained a controversial figure in Dutch public life.
By 1972, placing him on the 1000 Gulden was an unambiguous statement. The note circulated until the guilder's replacement by the euro in 2002.