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Yarmaq - Toqta Qrim mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1299 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Reference(s) | Sagdeeva#165, A#2023.4, Zeno cat#6769 |
| Obverse description | Central field occupied by a two-line Arabic legend reading 'adl / Toqta Khan' (justice / Khan Toqta), the name and epithet of the issuing ruler rendered in bold, deeply struck Naskh script. The inscription is framed by a decorative border of raised pellets arranged in a continuous ring around the circumference, characteristic of Golden Horde coinage of the late 13th century. The flan is irregular and slightly convex, consistent with hammered production, and the surfaces show typical die wear and metal flow. The overall composition is aniconic, conforming to Islamic numismatic convention. |
|---|---|
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| Reverse script | Arabic |
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| Additional information |
Toqta's consolidation of the western ulus after defeating Nogai in 1299 — the same year this dirham was struck — makes the Qrim mint output from this precise moment historically loaded. Nogai had controlled much of the western steppe for decades as a de facto independent power, and his death that year forced a rapid reintegration of mints under Toqta's direct authority. Coins from Qrim in this window are sometimes the first issues to reflect restored central legitimacy after years of fragmented production.