The anonymous "al-mulk" fractional issues of the Golden Horde present a persistent attribution problem — no ruler's name appears, making precise dating within this thirty-year window largely a matter of die style and hoard association rather than documentary evidence. The Bulghar mint on the Volga was among the earliest and most productive in the Horde's monetary system, predating the later explosion of output from Sarai and New Sarai.
At 0.63g, these halves circulated in a regional economy still integrating steppe pastoral networks with the Volga trade corridor connecting the Baltic fur trade to the Islamic south.
The anonymous "al-mulk" fractional issues of the Golden Horde present a persistent attribution problem — no ruler's name appears, making precise dating within this thirty-year window largely a matter of die style and hoard association rather than documentary evidence. The Bulghar mint on the Volga was among the earliest and most productive in the Horde's monetary system, predating the later explosion of output from Sarai and New Sarai.
At 0.63g, these halves circulated in a regional economy still integrating steppe pastoral networks with the Volga trade corridor connecting the Baltic fur trade to the Islamic south.