1 Quadrans Club series

Volaterrae — modern Volterra — was among the most powerful Etruscan cities still operating its own bronze coinage in the third century BC, and the Club series represents one of its heavier, earlier issues, struck at a standard closer to the uncial system before weight reduction took hold across central Italy. The timing places these pieces squarely within the period of Roman consolidation of Etruria, a process largely completed without the open warfare that consumed other regions, though the political pressure was relentless.

The aes grave tradition here is distinctly local — Volaterran bronzes were cast, not struck, and the club as a series marker distinguishes issues within a complex internal typology that scholars including Haeberlin spent considerable effort untangling.