1 Semis Wheel / Krater

The heavy cast bronzes of Etruria present persistent attribution problems — no single mint has been conclusively identified for this wheel/krater series, and the issuing authority remains debated among specialists. What is certain is that these pieces belong to the final phase of Etruscan monetary independence, produced just as Roman political and economic dominance was rendering local bronze-casting traditions obsolete. By the 220s BC, Roman expansion into northern Italy had effectively ended autonomous Etruscan coinage.

At 94 grams, this semis sits well above the theoretical half-as weight of any contemporary Roman standard, reflecting a local Etruscan weight system that never fully synchronized with Roman libral norms.