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2 1/2 Centesimae Incuse series: spiral
| Issuer | Populonia |
|---|---|
| Year | 211 BC - 201 BC |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | Log in to see details |
| Thickness | Log in to see details |
| Shape | Round (irregular) |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | IIV (Translation: 2-1/2) |
| Reverse description | A deeply struck incuse spiral occupies the entire reverse field, executed in a bold, concentric swirling pattern radiating from a central point. This incuse device is characteristic of the Populonian bronze series and served as a purely decorative or symbolic counterpart to the obverse type. The irregular flan edges and flat incuse relief are consistent with the hammered production technique employed at Populonia during the late third century BC. The field surrounding the spiral is plain and unadorned. |
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| Edge | Log in to see details |
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| Additional information |
Populonia occupied a unique position among Etruscan city-states in that it was the only one known to have operated its own mint, smelting bronze directly from the iron ore trade it controlled along the Tyrrhenian coast. This series, distinguished by its incuse spiral reverse, belongs to the late phase of Populonian bronze production — a period when Roman expansion was rapidly contracting the political space available to independent Etruscan minting authorities. The city's output ceased entirely within a generation.