20 Kina Bougainville

Bougainville's issuance of its own currency is a direct product of the 2001 Bougainville Peace Agreement, which ended a decade-long secessionist conflict that killed an estimated 15,000 people and severed the island from Papua New Guinea's financial infrastructure entirely. The Bank of Bougainville was established in anticipation of the region's scheduled independence referendum, which eventually took place in 2019 — with over 97% voting for independence.

Whether these notes ever achieved genuine legal tender status or meaningful circulation is disputed. The Autonomous Region of Bougainville has no formal central banking framework recognised internationally, and the PNG kina remained the functional currency in practice.