8 Khumsiyyah - Gẖālib

The Kathiri Sultanate of Hadhramaut operated in what is now eastern Yemen, maintaining a degree of autonomy under the broader Ottoman and later British spheres of influence. The khumsiyyah — literally "one fifth" — was a fractional denomination tied to the Maria Theresa thaler-based trade currency that dominated the Arabian Peninsula and Horn of Africa through the nineteenth century. Sultan Ghālib ibn Muhsin al-Kathiri ruled during a period of intense inter-sultanate rivalry with the Qu'aiti, a conflict that would eventually erode Kathiri territorial control across Hadhramaut by the century's end.