Dinheiro - Afonso II

Afonso II's reign was consumed almost entirely by conflict with the Church — he was excommunicated twice, and Pope Honorius III placed Portugal under interdict in 1220, suspending all religious services in the kingdom. That his mint continued operating through this period reflects less administrative order than the basic fiscal necessity of funding ongoing wars with his own siblings over territorial inheritance.

The billon content here is notably debased even by contemporary Iberian standards, a debasement that accelerated under Afonso II as royal finances deteriorated.