Dirham 'Flying birds type' - anonymous Bulghar mint

Anonymous copperplate and silver issues from the Bulghar mint circulated across the Volga-Ural steppe during a period when the Golden Horde was consolidating its commercial dominance over the eastern fur and slave routes. The "flying birds" anonymous type is understood to be a transitional issue — struck without a khan's name at a moment when succession disputes or administrative gaps made attributing coinage to a specific ruler politically inconvenient or simply impractical.

Bulghar itself, on the middle Volga, functioned as the Horde's primary northern commercial hub long before Sarai eclipsed it. These anonymous types cluster in the decades bracketing 1300, a period of intense internal competition following Möngke Temür's death in 1280.