Semis

Kastilo — modern Castulo, near Linares in Jaén province — was among the wealthiest cities of Hispania Ulterior, positioned directly atop the silver and lead deposits of the Sierra Morena that made it indispensable to both Carthaginian and Roman interests. The city issued its own coinage well into the period of Roman consolidation, a privilege that reflects its administrative importance as a civitas stipendiaria rather than a conquered town stripped of autonomy.

The dating bracket places this piece squarely within the turbulent decades of the Celtiberian Wars, when Roman military pressure across Hispania was reshaping which cities could — and could not — continue minting.